Gilberto Gil

Gilberto Gil
Born Gilberto Passos Gil Moreira
June 26, 1942 (1942-06-26) (age 68)
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Education BBA, Universidade Federal da Bahia
Occupation Musician
Political party Partido Verde
Website
http://www.gilbertogil.com.br/

Gilberto Passos Gil Moreira (born June 26, 1942), better known as Gilberto Gil (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒiɫˈbɛʁtu ʒiɫ]) or (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒiu̯ˈbɛɾtʊ ʒiu̯]), is a Grammy Award-winning Brazilian singer, guitarist, and songwriter, known for both his musical innovation and political commitment. From 2003 to 2008, he served as Brazil's Minister of Culture in the administration of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.

Gil started to play music as a child and was still a teenager when he joined his first band. He began his career as a bossa nova musician, and then grew to write songs that reflected a focus on political awareness and social activism. He was a key figure in the Música Popular Brasileira and tropicália movements of the 1960s, alongside artists such as longtime collaborator Caetano Veloso. The Brazilian military regime that took power in 1964 saw both Gil and Veloso as a threat, and the two were held for nine months in 1969 before they were told to leave the country. Gil moved to London, but returned to state of Bahia in 1972 and continued his musical career, as well as working as a politician and environmental advocate.

Gil's musical style incorporates an eclectic range of influences, including rock, Brazilian genres including samba and forró, African music, and reggae.

Contents

Biography

Early years (1942–1963)

Gil was born in Salvador, an industrial city in the northeast of Brazil, though he spent much of his childhood in nearby Ituaçu. Ituaçu was a small town of fewer than a thousand, located in the sertão, or countryside, of Bahia.[1] His father, José Gil Moreira, was a doctor; his mother, Claudina Passos Gil Moreira, an elementary school teacher.[1][2] As a young boy, he attended a Marist Brothers school.[3] Gil remained in Ituaçu until he was nine years old, returning to Salvador for secondary school.

Gil's interest in music was precocious: "When I was only two or two and a half," he recalled, "I told my mother I was going to become a musician or a president of my country."[4] He grew up listening to the forró music of his native northeast,[2] and took an interest in the street performers of Salvador.[5] Early on, he began to play the drums and the trumpet, through listening to Bob Nelson on the radio.[6] Gil's mother was the "chief supporter" in his musical ambitions; she bought him an accordion and, when he was ten years old, sent him to music school in Salvador which he attended for four years.[1][4] As an accordionist, Gil first played classical music, but grew more interested in the folk and popular music of Brazil.[1] He was particularly influenced by singer and accordion player Luiz Gonzaga; he began to sing and play the accordion in an emulation of Gonzaga's recordings.[7] Gil has noted that he grew to identify with Gonzaga "because he sang about the world around [him], the world that [he] encountered."[8] During his years in Salvador, Gil also encountered the music of songwriter Dorival Caymmi, who he says represented to him the "beach-oriented" samba music of Salvador.[8] Gonzaga and Caymmi were Gil's formative influences.[1] While in Salvador, Gil was introduced to many other styles of music, including American big band jazz and tango.[8] In 1950 Gil moved back to Salvador with his family. It was there, while still in high school, that he joined his first band, Os Desafinados (The Out of Tunes), in which he played accordion and vibraphone and sang.[1] Os Desafinados was influenced by American rock and roll musicians like Elvis Presley, as well as singing groups from Rio de Janeiro.[1] The band was active for two to three years. Soon afterwards, inspired by Brazilian star João Gilberto, he settled on the guitar as his primary instrument and began to play bossa nova.[5]

Musical career (1963–present)

Gil met guitarist and singer Caetano Veloso at the Universidade Federal da Bahia (Federal University of Bahia) in 1963. The two immediately began collaborating and performing together, releasing a single and EP soon afterwards.[2] Along with Maria Bethânia (Veloso's sister), Gal Costa, and Tom Zé, Gil and Veloso performed bossa nova and traditional Brazilian songs at the Vila Velha Theatre's opening night in July 1964, a show entitled Nos, por Exemplo (Us, for Example).[6] Gil and the group continued to perform at the venue and he eventually became a musical director of the concert series.[9] Gil collaborated again with members of this collective on the landmark 1968 album Tropicália: ou Panis et Circenses, whose style was influenced by The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, an album Gil listened to constantly.[10] Gil describes Tropicália: ou Panis et Circenses as the birth of the tropicália movement.[1] As Gil describes it, tropicália (or Tropicalismo) was a conflation of musical and cultural developments that had occurred in Brazil during the 1950s and 1960s—primarily bossa nova and the Jovem Guarda (Young Wave) collective—with rock and roll music from the United States and Europe, a movement deemed threatening by the Brazilian government of the time.[11]

Early on in the 1960s, Gil earned income primarily from selling bananas in a shopping mall and trying composing jingles for television advertisements;[5] he was also briefly employed by the Brazilian division of Unilever, Gessy-Lever.[6] He moved to São Paulo in 1965 and had a hit single when his song "Louvação" (which later appeared on the album of the same name) was released by Elis Regina. However, his first hit as a solo artist was the 1969 song "Aquele Abraço".[5] Gil also performed in several television programs throughout the 1960s, which often included other "tropicalistas", members of the Tropicalismo movement.[6] One of these programs, Divina Maravilhoso, which featured Veloso, gained attention from government television censors after it aired a satirical version of the national anthem in December 1968.[12]

In February 1969 Gil and Veloso were arrested by the Brazilian military government, brought from São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro, and spent three months in prison and another four under house arrest,[1][11] before being freed on the condition that they leave the country. Veloso was the first to be arrested; the police moved to Gil's home soon afterward. Veloso had directed his then-wife Andréa Gadelha to warn Gil about the possibility of arrest, but Gil was eventually brought into the police van along with Veloso.[13] They were given no reason or charge for their arrest.[1] Gil believes that the government felt his actions "represent[ed] a threat [to them], something new, something that can't quite be understood, something that doesn't fit into any of the clear compartments of existing cultural practices, and that won't do. That is dangerous."[14] During his prison sentence, Gil began to meditate, follow a macrobiotic diet, and read about Eastern philosophy.[2] He composed four songs during his imprisonment, among them "Cérebro Electrônico" (Electronic Brain), which later appeared on his 2006 album Gil Luminoso.[15] Thereafter, Gil and Veloso were exiled to London, England after being offered to leave Brazil.[16] The two played a last Brazilian concert together in Salvador in July 1969, then left to Portugal, Paris, and finally London.[1] He and Veloso took a house in Chelsea, sharing it with their manager and wives.[17] Gil was exposed to reggae while living in London; he recalls listening to Bob Marley (whose songs he later covered), Jimmy Cliff, and Burning Spear.[1] He was heavily influenced by and involved with the city's rock scene as well, performing with Yes, Pink Floyd, and the Incredible String Band.[1][5] However, he also performed solo, recording Gilberto Gil (Nêga) while in London. In addition to involvement in the reggae and rock scenes, Gil attended performances by jazz artists, including Miles Davis and Sun Ra.[1]

Gilberto Gil performing in 2007

When he went back to Bahia in 1972, Gil focused on his musical career and environmental advocacy work.[18] He released Expresso 2222 the same year, from which two popular singles were released. Gil toured the United States and recorded an English-language album as well, continuing to release a steady stream of albums throughout the 1970s, including Realce and Refazenda. In the early 1970s Gil participated in a resurgence of the Afro-Brazilian afoxé tradition in Carnaval, joining the Filhos de Gandhi (Sons of Gandhi) performance group,[19] which only allowed black Brazilians to join.[20] Gil also recorded a song titled "Patuscada de Gandhi" written about the Filhos de Gandhi that appeared on his 1977 album Refavela. Greater attention was paid to afoxé groups in Carnaval because of the publicity that Gil had provided to them through his involvement; the groups increased in size as well.[21] In the late 1970s he left Brazil for Africa and visited Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, and Nigeria. He also worked with Jimmy Cliff and released a cover of "No Woman, No Cry" with him in 1980, a number one hit that introduced reggae to Brazil.[5]

In 1998 the live version of his album Quanta won Gil the Grammy Award for Best World Music Album. In 2005 he won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary World Music Album for Eletracústico. In May 2005 he was awarded the Polar Music Prize by Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden in Stockholm,[22] the prize's first Latin American recipient. On October 16 of the same year he received the Légion d'honneur from the French government, coinciding with the Année du Brésil en France (Brazil's Year in France).[23]

In 2010 he released the album Fé Na Festa, a record devoted to forró, a style of music from Brazil's northeast. His tour to promote this album received some negative feedback from fans who were expecting to hear a set featuring his hits.[24]

Political career (1987–present)

Gil with current President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

Gil describes his attitude towards politics thus: "I'd rather see my position in the government as that of an administrator or manager. But politics is a necessary ingredient."[25] His political career began in 1987, when he was elected to a local post in Bahia and became the Salvador secretary of culture.[26] In 1988, he was elected to the city council and subsequently became city commissioner for environmental protection. However, he left the office after one term and declined to run for the National Congress of Brazil.[25] In 1990, Gil left the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and joined the Green Party.[27] During this period, Gil founded the environmental protection organization Onda Azul (Blue Wave), which worked to protect Brazilian waters.[18] He maintained a full-time musical career at the same time, and withdrew temporarily from politics in 1992, following the release Parabolicamará, considered to be one of his most successful efforts.[2] On October 16, 2001 Gil accepted his nomination to be a Goodwill Ambassador for the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, having promoted the organization before his appointment.[28]

When President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva took office in January 2003, he chose Gil as Brazil's new Minister of Culture, only the second black person to serve in the country's cabinet. The appointment was controversial among political and artistic figures and the Brazilian press; a remark Gil made about difficulties with his salary received particular criticism.[29] Gil is not a member of Lula's Workers' Party and did not participate in creating its cultural program.[29] Shortly after becoming Minister, Gil began a partnership between Brazil and Creative Commons. As Minister, he has sponsored a program called Culture Points, which gives grants to provide music technology and education to people living in poor areas of the country's cities.[30] Gil has since asserted that "You've now got young people who are becoming designers, who are making it into media and being used more and more by television and samba schools and revitalizing degraded neighborhoods. It's a different vision of the role of government, a new role."[31] Gil has also expressed interest in a program that will establish an Internet repository of freely downloadable Brazilian music.[14] Since Gil's appointment, the department's expenditures have increased by over 50 percent.[32] In November 2007 Gil announced his intention to resign from his post due to a vocal cord polyp.[33] Lula rejected Gil's first two attempts to resign, but accepted another request in July 2008. Lula said on this occasion that Gil was "going back to being a great artist, going back to giving priority to what is most important" to him.[34]

Personal life

Gil's fourth wife is Flora Nair Giordano Gil Moreira. The couple has five children, four of whom are still living. The fifth child – Pedro Gil, Egotrip's drummer – died in a car accident in 1990.[35] Preta Gil, an actress and singer, is his daughter.

Gil's religious beliefs have changed significantly over his lifetime. Originally, he was a Christian, but was later influenced by Eastern philosophy and religion, and, later still, explored African spirituality. He is now an agnostic.[35] He practices yoga and is a vegetarian.[11]

Gil has been open about the fact that that he has smoked marijuana for much of his life. He has said he believes "that drugs should be treated like pharmaceuticals, legalized, although under the same regulations and monitoring as medicines".[36]

Musical style and influences

Gil sings in the baritone or falsetto register, with lyrics and/or scat syllables. His lyrics are on subjects that range from philosophy to religion, folktales, and word play.[37] Gil's musical style incorporates a broad range of influences. The first music he was exposed to included The Beatles and street performers in various metropolitan areas of Bahia. During his first years as a musician, Gil performed primarily in a blend of traditional Brazilian styles with two-step rhythms, such as baião and samba.[4] He states that "My first phase was one of traditional forms. Nothing experimental at all. Caetano [Veloso] and I followed in the tradition of Luiz Gonzaga and Jackson do Pandeiro, combining samba with northeastern music."[4]

As one of the pioneers of tropicália, influences from genres such as rock and punk have been pervasive in his recordings, as they have been in those of other stars of the period, including Caetano Veloso and Tom Zé. Gil's interest in the blues-based music of rock pioneer Jimi Hendrix, in particular, has been described by Veloso as having "extremely important consequences for Brazilian music".[38] Veloso also noted the influence of Brazilian guitarist and singer Jorge Ben on Gil's musical style, coupled with that of traditional music.[38] After the height of tropicália in the 1960s, Gil became increasingly interested in black culture, particularly in the Jamaican musical genre of reggae. He described the genre as "a form of democratizing, internationalizing, speaking a new language, a Heideggerian form of passing along fundamental messages".[39]

Visiting Lagos, Nigeria, in 1976 for the Festival of African Culture (FESTAC), Gil met fellow musicians Fela Kuti and Stevie Wonder.[1] He became inspired by African music and later integrated some of the styles he had heard in Africa, such as juju and highlife, into his own recordings.[40] One of the most famous of these African-influenced records was the 1977 album Refavela, which included "No Norte da Saudade" (To the North of Sadness), a song heavily influenced by reggae.[41] When Gil returned to Brazil after the visit, he focused on Afro-Brazilian culture, becoming a member of the Carnaval afoxé group Filhos de Gandhi.

Conversely, his 1980s musical repertoire presented an increased development of dance trends, such as disco and soul, as well as the previous incorporation of rock and punk.[39] However, Gil says that his 1994 album Acoustic was not such a new direction, as he had previously performed unplugged with Caetano Veloso. He describes the method of playing as easier than other types of performance, as the energy of acoustic playing is simple and influenced by its roots.[42] Gil has been criticized for a conflicting involvement in both authentic Brazilian music and the worldwide musical arena. He has had to walk a fine line, simultaneously remaining true to traditional Bahian styles and engaging with commercial markets. Listeners in Bahia have been much more accepting of his blend of music styles, while those in southeast Brazil felt at odds with it.[39]

Discography

  • 1967: Louvação
  • 1968: Gilberto Gil (with Os Mutantes)
  • 1968: Tropicalia ou Panis et Circensis (with Caetano Veloso, Gal Costa, Os Mutantes)
  • 1969: Gilberto Gil (Cérebro Eletrônico)
  • 1971: Gilberto Gil (Nêga)
  • 1972: Barra 69: Caetano e Gil Ao Vivo na Bahia
  • 1972: Expresso 2222
  • 1974: Gilberto Gil Ao Vivo
  • 1975: Refazenda
  • 1977: Refavela
  • 1978: Gilberto Gil Ao Vivo em Montreux
  • 1978: Refestança
  • 1979: Nightingale
  • 1979: Realce
  • 1981: Brasil
  • 1981: Luar (A Gente Precisa Ver o Luar)
  • 1981: Um Banda Um
  • 1983: Extra
  • 1984: Quilombo (Trilha Sonora)
  • 1984: Raça Humana
  • 1985: Dia Dorim Noite Neon
  • 1987: Gilberto Gil em Concerto
  • 1987: Soy Loco Por Ti America
  • 1987: Trem Para As Estrelas (Trilha Sonora)
  • 1988: Ao Vivo em Tóquio
  • 1989: O Eterno Deus Mu Dança
  • 1991: Parabolicamará
  • 1994: Acoustic
  • 1994: Tropicalia 2 (with Caetano Veloso)
  • 1995: Esoterico: Live in USA 1994
  • 1995: Oriente: Live in Tokyo
  • 1996: Em Concerto
  • 1996: Luar
  • 1997: Indigo Blue
  • 1997: Quanta
  • 1998: Ao Vivo em Tóquio
  • 1998: Copacabana Mon Amour
  • 1998: O Sol de Oslo
  • 1998: O Viramundo (Ao Vivo)
  • 1998: Quanta Live
  • 2000: Me, You, Them
  • 2001: Milton and Gil
  • 2001: São João Vivo
  • 2002: Kaya N'Gan Daya
  • 2002: Z: 300 Anos de Zumbi
  • 2004: Eletrácustico
  • 2005: Ao Vivo
  • 2005: As Canções de Eu Tu Eles
  • 2005: Soul of Brazil
  • 2006: Gil Luminoso
  • 2006: Rhythms of Bahia
  • 2008: Banda Larga Cordel
  • 2009: Bandadois
  • 2010: Fé Na Festa

Awards, nominations, and positions

Year Work Award Result
1981 N/A Anchieta Medal—São Paulo City Council Won
1986 N/A The Gold Dolphin—Government of the State of Rio de Janeiro Won
1990 N/A Ordre des Arts et des Lettres—Ministry of Culture of France Won
1990 N/A Commendator of the Rio Branco Order Won
1997 N/A Ordre national du Mérite Won
1999 Quanta Live Grammy Award—Best World Music Album Won
1999 N/A Order of Cultural Merit—Ministry of Culture Won
1999 N/A UNESCO Artist for Peace—United Nations Won
2001 Eu Tu Eles Cinema Brazil Grand Prize—Best Music Nominated
2001 As Canções De Eu, Tu, Eles Latin Grammy Award—Brazilian Roots/Regional Album Won
2001 N/A Goodwill Ambassador—Food and Agriculture Organization Won
2002 Viva São João! Passista Trophy—Long Documentary - Best Score Won
2002 São João Vivo Latin Grammy Award—Best Brazilian Roots/Regional Album Won
2005 Eletracústico Grammy Award—Best Contemporary World Music Album Won
2005 N/A Polar Music Prize Won
2005 N/A Légion d'honneur Won

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 Katz, David; Gil, Gilberto (July/August 2009). "Truth to Power". Wax Poetics (Brooklyn, New York City: Wax Poetics, Inc.) (36): 48–60. ISSN 1537-8241. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Tepel, Oliver (2006-08-07). "Gilberto Gil". The international artist database. culturebase.net. http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?3800. Retrieved 2008-03-15. 
  3. ↑ Veloso (2003), p. 180
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Quinn, Mike (1999-09-17). "Mixing Miami With Copacabana". The Austin Chronicle. http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid%3A73901. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Skelly, Richard. "Biography". Allmusic. All Media Guide. http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:gifuxqt5ldae~T1. Retrieved 2008-03-16. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Tourneen, Saudades. "Gilberto Gil". Europe Jazz Network. http://www.ejn.it/mus/gil.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-16. 
  7. ↑ Wald (2007), pp. 113–116
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Myers, Robert; Gil, Gilberto (1990). "Brazilian Popular Music in Bahia: 'The Politics of the Future': An Interview with Gilberto Gil". Studies in Latin American Popular Culture (Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press) 9: 298–311. ISSN 0730-9139. 
  9. ↑ Veloso (2003), p. 46
  10. ↑ Barteldes, Ernest (2007-03-29). "Gilberto Gil". Miami New Times. http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2007-03-29/music/gilberto-gil. Retrieved 2008-05-02. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Goodman, Amy (2008-06-25). "From Political Prisoner to Cabinet Minister: Legendary Brazilian Musician Gilberto Gil on His Life, His Music and the Digital Divide" (radio). Democracy Now!. http://www.democracynow.org/2008/6/25/from_political_prisoner_to_cabinet_minister. Retrieved 2008-06-25. 
  12. ↑ Dunn, Christopher; Veloso, Caetano (1996). "The Tropicalista Rebellion". Transition (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press) (70): 116–138. ISSN 00411191. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2935353. Retrieved 2010-07-27. 
  13. ↑ Veloso (2003), pp. 219–220
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Dibbell, Julian (November 2004). "We Pledge Allegiance to the Penguin". Wired 12 (11). http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.11/linux.html. Retrieved 2008-03-16. 
  15. ↑ McCarthy, Julie (2007-03-03). "Brazilian Culture Minister Rocks Out with New Album" (radio). Weekend Edition Saturday (National Public Radio). http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7650054. Retrieved 2008-05-10. 
  16. ↑ Veloso (2003), pp. 262–263
  17. ↑ Lewis, John (2010-07-15). "Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso in London". The Guardian (Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/jul/15/gilberto-gil-caetano-veloso-london. Retrieved 2010-07-27. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Staff (2003-09-01). "Brazil's Gilberto Gil, minister of cool". Reuters via CNN (São Paulo, Brazil). http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/americas/09/01/brazil.people.gil.reut/. Retrieved 2008-03-16. 
  19. ↑ Crook (2005), p. 141
  20. ↑ Carvalho, José Jorge de (1993). "Black Music of All Colors: The Construction of Black Ethnicity in Ritual and Popular Genres of Afro-Brazilian Music" (PDF). Universidade de Brasília. pp. 14. http://www.unb.br/ics/dan/Serie145empdf.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-24. 
  21. ↑ Crook (2005), pp. 142–143
  22. ↑ Staff (2005-05-04). "Gilberto Gil Receives Polar Music Prize". Associated Press via Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000930787. Retrieved 2008-03-16. 
  23. ↑ Durand, Fabien (2005-10-13). "Cérémonie de remise des insignes de Grand Officier dans l'ordre national de la Légion d'honneur à Gilberto Gil" (in French). Culture.fr. http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/actualites/communiq/donnedieu/ggil.html. Retrieved 2008-03-18. 
  24. ↑ Russ Slater (2010-07-27). "Gilberto Gil at Royal Festival Hall -- July 21st". Sounds and Colours. http://www.soundsandcolours.com/reviews/live-reviews/gilberto-gil-royal-festival-hall-%e2%80%93-july-21st/. Retrieved 2010-07-27. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Rohter, Larry (2007-03-11). "Gilberto Gil Hears the Future, Some Rights Reserved". The New York Times (Salvador, Bahia: The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/11/arts/music/11roht.html. Retrieved 2009-08-16. 
  26. ↑ Steward, Sue (2003-10-19). "Minister of cool: part one". The Observer (Guardian Media Group). http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1066490,00.html. Retrieved 2008-03-16. 
  27. ↑ Staff (2004). "Gilberto Gil :: vida" (in Portuguese). gilbertogil.com.br. Gege Produções Artísticas Ltda.. Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080612045839/http://www.gilbertogil.com.br/sec_biografia.php?page=4&ordem=DESC. Retrieved 2008-05-03. 
  28. ↑ Staff. "Singer Gilberto Gil". FAO Ambassadors Programme. Food and Agriculture Organization. http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/news/2002/9700-en.html. Retrieved 2009-09-17. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Rohter, Larry (2002-12-31). "A Government Gig for Brazilian Pop Star; Gilberto Gil Becomes Culture Minister, But Not Everyone Sings His Praises". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03EFD8143FF932A05751C1A9649C8B63. Retrieved 2008-04-11. 
  30. ↑ Rohter, Larry (2007-03-12). "Gilberto Gil and the politics of music". International Herald Tribune (Salvador, Brazil: The New York Times Company). http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/03/12/news/gil.php. Retrieved 2008-03-16. 
  31. ↑ Rohter, Larry (2007-03-14). "Brazilian Government Invests in Culture of Hip-Hop". The New York Times (São Paulo, Brazil: The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/14/arts/music/14gil.html. Retrieved 2008-03-15. 
  32. ↑ Werman, Marco (2007-03-22). "Gilberto Gil" (radio). The World (BBC World Service and Public Radio International). http://www.theworld.org/?q=node/8904. Retrieved 2008-03-22. 
  33. ↑ The New York Times (2007-11-12). "Gilberto Gil to Resign". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/12/arts/music/12arts-GILBERTOGILT_BRF.html. Retrieved 2008-03-15. 
  34. ↑ "Brazil musician leaves government". BBC News (BBC). 2008-07-31. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7534323.stm. Retrieved 2008-08-09. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Astor, Michael (2007-03-16). "Brazilian pop star Gil tours U.S.". Associated Press via USA Today (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Gannett Company). http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/2007-03-16-2248300129_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-17. 
  36. ↑ Staff (2006-08-22). "Brazilians Reject Marijuana Legalization". Angus Reid Global Monitor. http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/view/12873. Retrieved 2008-03-23. 
  37. ↑ Rohter, Larry (1992-11-08). "Gilberto Gil, Bahia's Most Beloved Export". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEFDB113AF93BA35752C1A964958260. Retrieved 2008-03-24. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Veloso (2003), p. 191
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Béhague, Gerard (Spring/Summer, 2006). "Rap, Reggae, Rock, or Samba: The Local and the Global in Brazilian Popular Music (1985–95)". Latin American Music Review 27 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1353/lat.2006.0021. http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/latin_american_music_review/v027/27.1behague08.html. 
  40. ↑ Staff (2003-07-01). "'Brazil has a new energy'". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2003/07/01/bmgil01.xml. Retrieved 2008-05-03. 
  41. ↑ Crook (2005), p. 82
  42. ↑ Eyre, Banning; Gil, Gilberto (1995-06-03). "Interview: Gilberto Gil (1995)". Afropop Worldwide. http://www.afropop.org/multi/interview/ID/6. Retrieved 2008-05-03. 

Sources

External links

Ministers of Culture (1985–2011) Flag of Brazil.svg

José Aparecido de Oliveira | Aluísio Pimenta | Celso Furtado | Hugo Napoleão do Rego Neto | José Aparecido de Oliveira | Ipojuca Pontes | Sérgio Paulo Rouanet | Antônio Houaiss | Jerônimo Moscardo | Luiz Roberto do Nascimento e Silva | Francisco Weffort | Gilberto Gil | Juca Ferreira